Holy Spirit
In Judah-ism
There are references to the Spirit of God.
- Ruach HaKodesh (ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ): Holy Spirit
- Ruach Elohim: Spirit of God
1 Samuel 28:3โ6 mentions three methods of divine communication โ dreams, prophets, and the Urim and Thummim. Urim and Thummim are mentioned in Exodus 28:31.
Word Gender:
Ruach (Spirit) is a feminine word. It is used alongside Shekinah (Dwelling / Presence, of God). Sakina is also used 6 times in the Qur'aan. In Syriac too, the word Rucha is feminine, and so both the Orthodox and Gnostic Churches use maternal images when speaking of the Holy Spirit. Only in Greek, when the word Parakletos is used is the gender masculine.
Appearences in the Bible:
Ruach HaKodesh:
- Chapter 63 of the Isaiah refers twice to "His holy spirit" (ruach kodsho) in successive verses.
- Psalm 51 refers to "Your holy spirit" (ruach kodshecha)
- Psalm 51 also contains a triple parallelism between different types of "spirit":
Fashion a pure heart for me, O God; create in me a steadfast spirit (ืจืึผืึท ื ึธืึนืืโ). Do not cast me out of Your presence, or take Your holy spirit (ืจืึผืึท ืงึธืึฐืฉึฐืืึธโ) away from me. Let me again rejoice in Your help; let a vigorous spirit (ืจืึผืึท ื ึฐืึดืืึธืโ) sustain me.
Ruach Elohim:
- Genesis 1:2: "a wind from God sweeping over the water"
- 1 Samuel 16:13: "and the spirit of the LORD gripped David from that day on."
- Psalm 143:10: "Let Your gracious spirit lead me on level ground."
- Isaiah 42:1: "Behold My servant, I will support him, My chosen one, whom My soul desires; I have placed My spirit upon him, he shall promulgate justice to the nations."
- Isaiah 44:3: "So will I pour My spirit on your offspring, My blessing upon your posterity."
- Joel 2:28: "I will pour out My spirit on all flesh; Your sons and daughters shall prophesy."
More references: https://www.hebrew4christians.com/Names_of_G-d/Spirit_of_God/spirit_of_god.html
With the death of the last three prophets (Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi), the Holy Spirit ceased to manifest itself in Israel, and only the Bat Kol remained available to the sages.
From Rabeinu Bachye's commentary on Devarim 33:8, 2-6:
ืืืข ืื ืืจืืข ืืืจืืืช ืื ืื ืืืื, ืืช ืงืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืงืืช ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืืืื ืื ืงืจืืช ืฆืืง, ืืืื (ืืืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืฆืืง ืืืฉืชื ืืืืืฉื ื.
There are four distinct levels of prophecy. Bat Kol, Urim veTumim, Ruach haKodesh, and full-fledged prophecy. They are listed here in ascending order, but all of them are derivatives of the emanation tzedek; this is the meaning of Job 29,14: โI clothed myself in righteousness and it robed me; Justice was my cloak and turban.โ
ืืื ื ื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืจืืข ืืืจืืืช ืืืื, ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืช ืงืื, ืืืฉ ืกืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืช ืงืื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืงืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืื ื ืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืชืืืื, ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืขืื ืืฉ ืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืกืืจืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืฉ ืื, ืื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืกืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืคืืจ ืืืจืชื ืงืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉื ืืกืื ื. ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืงืื ืืืชืืืื ืืื ืขื ืคืกืืง ืืคืกืืงื ืชืืจื ืฉืืืชื, ืื"ื ืจืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืื ืคืกืืง ืืคืกืืง ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืชืขืื ืฉืฉืืขื ื ืืชืืจื ืืคืื ืืชืื ืืืฉ, ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืชืื (ืืืจืื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืืจ ื' ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืื ืืฉืื ืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืืฉ ืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืกืืจืช ืฉืืื ืืืจ ื ืืกืจ ืืขืกืง ืชืืจื ืฉืืขื ืคื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืงืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืข ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืงืื ืฉืืชืื ืื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืข ืชืฉืืข ืืงืื ื' ืืืืื, ืืื ืขืื (ืืืืืจ ืืณ:ืคืดื) ืืืฉืืข ืืช ืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืข ืืงืจื ืืช ืืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืชื ืงืื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืงืื. ืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืจ ื ืืจืฅ ืืืฆืจืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืข ืืืืช ืืืกื ืฉืืื ืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืงืฆืจ ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืกื ืืืืื ืืื ืฆืืจืช ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืขืื ืจืืื ืืืขืื ืืงืฆืจื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืงืื ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืืฆื ืืืืช ืืืกื. ืืืช ืงืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืืข ืชืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืกืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืืช ืงืื ืืืจ ืฉืคืกืงื ืื ืืืื ืืคืกืงื ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื. ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื, ืฉืื ืฉืืืช ืืงืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืขืฆื ืืกืคืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืื ืืืขืืืื ืขื ืืืชืชื, ืืจืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืขืืงืจ ืืฉืืืช ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืฉื ืืฉืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืืืงืจื ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืืชื ืื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืืชืืืื, ืืืฉืชืชืงืจื ืื ืฉืชื ืืืืช ืืช ืืืืจืื ืื ืชืจืื ืืืจ ืื ืืกืฃ ืขืืื ืืื ืืืขืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืจืื ืื' ืฉื ืืื.
ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืืฉืืช ืจืื ืืงืืฉ, ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืื, ืืืืจืชืื ืืืจ ืืคืกืืง (ืืืจืื ืื) ืื ืฉืืจืช. ืืขื ืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืจืื ืืืืืื ื ืืคืื ืืืจืื ื ืคืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืชืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืจืืฉืืชืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืคืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ, ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื.
ืืืืจืื ืืจืืืขืืช ื ืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืชืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืจืืฉืืชืื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืคืฉื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืงืืฅ, ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจืชื ืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืฉื ืืฉืคื.
Let me explain something about the differences between the four levels of prophetic power I have listed. There is a mystical element to the phenomenon known as ืืช ืงืื (Bat Kol) which accounts for the name ืืช ืงืื (Bat Kol) as opposed to the masculine ืื ืงืื (Ben Kol). Similarly, there is a mystical reason why the Talmud speaks frequently of ืื ื ืื (Bena Av) to describe an exegetical method more familiarly known to us by a masculine expression, i.e. ืื ืื ืื (Banin Av) (in the Baraitha de Rabbi Yishmael which we recite in our daily morning prayers). Why, for instance, do they not call it ืื ื ืื (Bena Am)? Similarly, the expression ืืฉ ืื ืืืงืจื (Yesh Am Lemikra) or ืืฉ ืื ืืืกืืจื (Yesh Am Lemesura) is strange, seeing we might have expected the expression ืืฉ ืื ืืืกืืจื (Yesh Av Lemikra) or ืืฉ ืื ืืืงืจื (Yesh Av Lemesura) to convey that there is a valid tradition justifying a certain way of reading or writing a word in the written Torah. All of these expressions have been formulated by our sages with extreme care and reveal a deep insight into the different levels of divine inspiration which they reflect. [Rabbi Chavell, in his notes, quotes a certain Rabbi Ezra bar Shlomoh (a kabbalist from Gerona, hometown of Nachmanides, author of commentary on aggadot in Talmud, disciple of Rabbi Yitzchak the blind (also Gerona) who found that the only five times the Talmud uses the masculine expression ืื ืื ืื (Banin Av) is when it refers to a direct verse from the written Torah, i.e. a more direct link to the divine origin of such an exegetical tool.]
Actually, every single verse in the written Torah is in the nature of something directly revealed, and the sages could have been expected to refer to it in the masculine form every time, i .e. ืื ืื ืื (Banin Av), or ืื ื ืื (Bena Av), but certainly not as ืื ืืืงืจื (Am Lemikra), or ืื ืืืกืืจื (Am Lemesura). The fact is that matters handed down to us by the oral tradition, i.e. ืชืืจื ืฉ-ืืขื ืคื (Torah Sh-Be'el Fa), the sages usually preface with the word ืื (Am), in order to make the distinction of the origin of the tradition. If we keep these principles in mind, we can understand that the expression ืืช ืงืื (Bat Kol) was used, seeing that the listener received his instructions via what the Torah itself describes as only a ืงืื (Kol) and not from the mouth of Gโd. Compare Deut. 28,1 which states clearly and unambiguously ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืข ืชืฉืืข ืืงืื ื' ืืืืงืื, โit will be when you will surely heed the voice of the Lord your Gโd.โ Also in Numbers 7,89 the Torah speaks of Moses hearing the voice speaking with him from above the lid of the Ark.โ It is appropriate to call that โvoiceโ ืืช (Bat), โdaughterโ [like the subsidiary companies in Israel are called ืืืจืช ืืช (Havret Bet), literally: โdaughter companies.โ Ed.], seeing that the instruction was heard through an intermediary. The author describes as yet another reason why the sages called this relatively low key form of divine communication ืืช ืงืื (Bat Kol), their perception of it as an illustration of the โthroneโ of Gโd which is perceived as broad at the top, tapering off towards the bottom. He claims that ืืฉ (Ash), fire, is similarly perceived as broad at the top and narrow at the base. The term ืืช ืงืื (Bat Kol) therefore reflects something which originates at the throne of Gโd rather than in His Essence. This type of communication from celestial regions was a fairly commonplace one even during the period of the sages of the Talmud (Eruvin 12, et al). Moreover, the pious people during the second Temple experienced this kind of communication from celestial sources after there were no more prophets and the High Priest did not have the breastplate with the Urim veTumim embedded in them to facilitate direct communication with Gโd. This latter form of communication from celestial sources was one rung higher than the Bat Kol. The form of this communication was representative of what is termed ืืกืคืงืืจืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจื, โan unclear vision,โ which characterized the type of prophetic visions experienced by most prophets in varying degrees. We had explained already in connection with Numbers 12,6 that the Urim veTumim were a device confirming the truth of the communication received, (compare author on Exodus 28,30). The word ืืืจืื itself suggests spiritual enlightenment. The function of the ืืืจืื was to visually make the High Priest aware of the letters representing the divine communication, whereas the function of theืชืืืื was to enable him to arrange the letters in question in the appropriate order, to avoid misunderstanding the message.
The third level of divine communication is commonly known as ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ, which is equivalent to or an outgrowth of the tenth emanation. The author appears to feel that a person is able to attain this level of spirituality if he applies to himself Deut. 23,10 ืื ืฉืืจืช ืืื ืืืจ ืจืข, โto guard yourself against anything evil.โ This level of divine inspiration appears as if it was self-generated by the recipient, who was granted insights without hearing any outside voice or seeing any vision as do prophets. People who experience this level of spirituality are apt to make statements regarding future events without appearing in the least captive to outside communicators. They neither dream the message nor go into a trance or anything like that. It is simply that what they say is perceived as inspired from a higher source. The person uttering such messages has no idea of where they originated from.
The fourth level of prophetic insights is prophecy uttered by an acknowledged man of Gโd, someone who, while doing so, completely divests himself of his normal personality, becomes merely an instrument of Gโd communing exclusively by means of his disembodied intellect with the source from whom he receives his message/instructions. Once he has divested himself of his bodily functions so that they do not represent an impediment to his receiving clear and undistorted messages from a celestial origin, this may occur either in a dream or even during his waking hours. There is no point in elaborating on this at this point as I have already done so in a book called ืืฉื ืืฉืคื. [The book does not seem to be extant. Ed.]
ืืื ื ืืขืช ืืจืื"ื ื"ื ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืืืช ืจืื ืืงืืฉ, ืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืืขืชื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืื, ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืช ืงืื, ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืื ื ืืฉื ืื ืืงืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืขืืืื, ืืื ืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืืื ืืืชื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื.
On the other hand, Nachmanides appears to feel that the level we know as ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ is superior to the level known as ื ืืืื, prophecy. According to his view, the levels starting from the highest to the lowest are: ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ, ื ืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื, ืืช ืงืื. According to his view the level of spirituality we call Ruach Hakodesh, โHoly Spirit,โ is derived form very lofty spiritual regions such as have been described in Exodus 35,31 (concerning Betzalel) ืืืืื ืืืชื ืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืื, โHe filled him with divine spirit, with wisdom, etc.โ
ืืื ืชืืฆื ืืกืคืจ ืืฆืืจื, ืืืจืช ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืขืืืืื ืงืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ. ืงืจื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืขื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ, ื ืืืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ื' ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืช ืงืื, ืืช ืงืื ืืฉืืื ื, ืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืื ื ืืฉืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ื. ื ืืฆืืช ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืกืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ื', ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืช ืงืื, ืืช ืงืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืช ืงืื ืืกืชืืจ ืืืจื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืฉืื ื ืงืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืงืืจ ืฉืื ืืืขืืืช ืืฉืชืืฉืืืช ืืื ื, ืืืื ืื.
You will also find in the Sefer Yetzirah 1,9 that ืืืื is referred to as ืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืจื, that the name of Gโd is both ืืืืจ ืงืื, ืจืื i.e. that all these manifestations of Gโdโs name are called ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ as they are all disembodied, incapable of being perceived visually. At any rate, the author of the Sefer Yetzirah describes ืืืื as ืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื, โspirit of the Living Gโd,โ and lists it as first and foremost in a list of spiritual attainments.
The foundation of prophecy, ื ืืืื, is anchored in the tetragrammaton; Urim and Tumim, the level of spirituality ascribed to true Torah scholars, rank below the spiritual level of prophecy, but above that of Bat Kol, seeing that the Bat Kol has its origin not in the tetragrammaton but in the Shechinah (attribute kavod). All the various spiritual attainments by man (of a lower level than Bat Kol) are also traced back to the Shechinah. At any rate, seeing that the phenomenon of Bat Kol is rated so low, it is clear why the sages stipulated ืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืช ืงืื, โthat pronouncements from heaven reaching us via the phenomenon of Bat Kol have no binding force halachicallyโ (Baba Metzia 59). [when opposed to rulings based on other forms of exegesis. Ed.] Such pronouncements cannot countermand halachic rulings based on ื ืืืื, prophecy, for instance, either. The reason we are in the habit of referring to ื ืืืื also as ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ is that this is the celestial source of all spiritual attainments which devolve from it. [The term ืจืื ืืงืืืฉ, then is used loosely as a collective term for all that is divinely inspired.]
ืืืืฉ ืืกืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืกืื ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืืช ืืืกื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฉื ืืืคืืจืฉ ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืืจ ืืณ:ืืดื) ืื ืชืืจืื, ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืจืืช ืื ืงืจืืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืดื-ืืดื) ืืื ื ืื ืฉืืขืช ืขื ืื, ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืชืืข, ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืชืืืืื ืงืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืกืืืื ืืืจืืืื, ืืืจืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืืจ.
With Thy Holy One (ืืืืฉ ืืกืืื), every High Priest from the tribe of Levi is given the title ืืกืื, โthe devout one.โ The reason for this is that it is the function of the High Priest to draw down to his people the heavenly attribute of ืืกื, (loving kindness). This is why the priests bless the people in order to channel this attribute and its beneficial effects to as many of his people as possible. The blessing is pronounced by invoking the tetragrammaton, the holy name not allowed for others to pronounce. The blessing originates in the tenth emanation, and this is why the Torah prefaces the formula of the words of the blessing with the word ืื which is the attribute of Justice, as we know from Exodus where Moses tells Pharaoh in the name of Gโd ืื ื ืื ืฉืืขืช ืขื ืื, โhere you have not listened until ืื,โ i.e. from now on the attribute of Justice will be invoked against you (Exodus 7,16) [This announcement had been the prelude to the first of the Ten Plagues. Ed.] Moses followed this (verse 17) by telling Pharaoh ืืืืช ืชืืข, โthrough the attribute ืืืช you will know, etc.,โ i.e. clear proof that both ืื and ืืืช are ืื ืืืื, [similes for the attribute of Justice, most commonly appearing as elo-him. Ed.] At any rate, Moses refers to the fact that the whole world is blessed by means of the Priest, hence Psalms 145,10 ืืืกืืื ืืืจืืืื, โand Your devout ones shall bless You.โ Instead of reading this as one word, David may mean that the word is to be read as ืืืจืื ืื, โwill bless the attribute of Justice.โ